Amabandla Amakristu kaNakulunkulu
Inombolo 013
Isibonakaliso sikaJona
nembali ye-
Ukwakhiwa kabusha kweThempeli
(Uhlelo 5.5
19940402-19980822-20071211-20080106-20110910-20011127-20220511)
Enye yemibono engasiqondwa kahle kakhulu yisibonakaliso sikaJona. Lesi kwakuyoba yisibonakaliso esisodwa esinikezwe ngenkonzo kaMesiya. Lesi sibonakaliso sihlobene nokwakhiwa kabusha kweThempeli kanye namaviki angamashumi ayisikhombisa eminyaka. Isibonakaliso siyaqhubeka futhi sinendima ezinsukwini zethu. Isiprofetho sisasebenza futhi sizophela maduze. Ukuqonda kahle isikhathi
esifanele sokwakhiwa kabusha
kwethempeli kubalulekile. Leli phepha lixhumanisa
izincwadi zeVangeli nomsebenzi kaKristu nezincwadi zikaJona, uDaniyeli, uEzra, uNehemia, uHagayi nezinye.
Amabandla Amakristu kaNakulunkulu
Ibhokisi leposi 369, WODEN ACT 2606,
AUSTRALIA
Imeyili: secretary@ccg.org
(Ilungelo lobunikazi © 1994, 1998, 2007, 2008, 2011, 2022 Wade Cox)
(tr. 2026)
Leli phepha lingakopishwa
futhi lisatshalaliswe ngokukhululekile inqobo nje uma likopishwa
lonke ngaphandle kokuguqulwa noma ukususwa. Kufanele kufakwe igama lomshicileli
nekheli kanye nesaziso samalungelo obunikazi. Akukho mali ekhokhwayo kubamukeli bamakhophi asatshalaliswayo. Izisho ezimfushane zingafakwa ezindatshaneni zokugxeka nasezibuyekezo ngaphandle kokwephula amalungelo obunikazi.
Leli phepha litholakala ekhasini le-World Wide Web:
http://www.logon.org kanye no http://www.ccg.org
Isibonakaliso sikaJona nomlando ye-
Ukwakhiwa Kabusha Kwethempeli
Ukwakhiwa Kabusha Kwethempeli
Kunezinguqulo ezintathu mayelana nokwakhiwa kabusha kwethempeli: eyokuqala yiBhayibheli, eyesibili yi-Apocrypha ku-1 Esdras, kanti eyesithathu
ibhalwe nguJosephus encwadini ethi The Antiquities of the Jews, Incwadi
XI, Izahluko I kuya kwezine.
Bonke bayavuma ukuthi uKoresi wanikela izingcezu zobuciko zeThempeli kuSheshbazzar, iNkosi (Ezra 1:8) noma uMqondisi (Ezra 5:15 noma 1 Esdras) waseJuda ukuze zigcinwe kuze kwakhiwe
iThempeli, futhi zabuyiselwa nababuyayo ababeboshwe. Ngaphandle kukaJosephus (Izinto Zakudala ZamaJuda, Incwadi. XI, Isahluko III, bheka inothi mayelana
Nobukhosi bamaMagi), uZerubhabheli ubhalwe njengoMqondisi kamuva ngesikhathi sobukhosi bukaDarius (ekubuyiseleni izisekelo), kanye nendaba yama-Apocrypha yezilindi ezintathu, njengoba nayo itholakala
kuJosephus, ebekwe kulesi sikhathi sobukhosi (kungenzeka ukuthi uZerubhabheli wabuya nabanye ngesikhathi sikaDarius I, kodwa lokhu kucatshangelwa).
Ithabatha leNkosi lakhiwa ngenyanga yesikhombisa ngonyaka wokuqala wokubuya kwabo. Iningi lababoshwa
labuyela emadolobheni abo, hhayi eJerusalema (uma kungenjalo bonke ababoshwa ngokweziprofetho; Esira 3:1-3). Isisekelo seTempele sasingakafakwa (v. 6). Umsebenzi waqala ngonyaka wesibili lapho isisekelo sesifakiwe (v. 10). Kusukela ngalesi sikhathi kuqhubeke, amaJuda ahlushwa ukudumazeka emizameni yawo ngabahlali bendawo, amaSamariya esikhathini samanje, ababengengama-Israyeli kodwa amaKhuthhi namaMede, ababebuyiselwe e-Israyeli ngemva kokuba Izizwe
Eziyishumi zithathwe njengengxenye yenqubomgomo ecabangile ka-Esarhaddon, iNkosi yase-Asiriya. UJosephus uthi bathuthelwa eKhuthah naseMede nguShalmaneser, iNkosi yase-Asiriya. Inqubomgomo yokuthutha kabusha ngenhloso yayiyisici sonke samaMbuso aseTigris-Euphrates futhi yathinta amazwe akude njenge-Ethiopia
neLibya kuya e-Indus Basin. Israyeli yabuyiselwa eNyakatho ye-Araxes. Izinsalela zika-Israyeli eminyakeni eyalandela zathuthela ezindlini ezilula eduze kwe-Efrathi futhi zitholakala phakathi kukaJuda, okwabangela isimangalo sokuthi u-Israyeli usakazeke phakathi kukaJuda. Leli phutha selisekelwe abanye bamaRabi abavelele baseMpumalanga.
AmaKhuthiya namaMede noma 'amaSamaritha asezinsukwini zokugcina' bamukela inkolo yamaJuda, kwathi eminyakeni eyalandela basungula idolobha iShechem ngaphansi koNtaba Gerizim, elalihlala amaJuda ayephambukile enkolweni, okusho labo ababesesabeni
ukwahlulelwa ngenxa yokwephula uMthetho maqondana neSabatha nenyama njll. (Josephus, Izinto Zakudala ZamaJuda, Incwadi XI, Isahluko VII:2 no
VIII:6-7; kanye no Esira
4:2).
Ithebula elilandelayo libonisa ukuhleleka kwezehlakalo ngokweBhayibheli, lisebenzisa izinsuku ezamukelwe njengamanje, nakuba uJosephus engahluka kakhulu.
Kwakhiwe Ithempeli phakathi nekhulu lesihlanu ngaphambi kukaKristu ngamaSamaritha. Izisekelo zitholakale zifana nezisekelo zaseJerusalema, ezazibekwa ngesikhathi sokubuyela kodwa zangaphelelanga kuze kube ngesikhathi sobukhosi bukaDarius II emuva kweminyaka eyikhulu, futhi ngemva kwesakhiwo saseGerizim.
UJosephus ukhombiswe ukuthi waphutha ngokubeka izinsuku zemisebenzi eNtabeni iGerizim. UDkt. Yitzhak Magen
wembule iTempile yokuqala wabeka isikhathi sayo phakathi nekhulu lesihlanu ngaphambi kukaKristu. Izimali zasePheresiya eziyi-13 000 zatholakala
endaweni yeminikelo yeshumi. Kwakukhona izinhlobo ezingama-68 zemali ezehlukene, eyayisikhathi sayo sokuqala ibhalwe
ngo , 480 ngaphambi kukaKristu. Izitsha zobumba zazisukela ekhulwini lesihlanu zaze zafika ekhulwini
lesine. Amathambo ezihlatshelo abekwe ekhulwini lesihlanu. Engqungqutheleni yezobuciko bokumba eCopenhagen ngo-2006 kwamenyezelwa ukuthi uJosephus wayephutha ekubekeni kwakhe izikhathi (bheka Y. Magen, Mt Gerizim Excavations, Vol. I, Judea and Samaria Publications, JSP II,
Israel Antiquities Authority 2004 ISBN 965-406-160-0 ISBN 13:
978-965-406-160-5). Imininingwane ikhombisa
ithempeli nobuphristi obusebenza eGerizim kusukela phakathi nekhulu lesihlanu (cishe iminyaka engu-343) ngaphambi kokubhujiswa kukaHircanus, kusukela ngo-113
BCE. Yingakho ukwakhiwa eJerusalema kwaphikiswa ngamandla ngalezi zinceku, njengoba iBhayibheli lisho.
|
USuku |
ISIGAMeko |
|
539
BCE |
Ukuthathwa kweBhabhiloni nguKhayeresi noDarius waseMede, indodana ka-Astyages
(obizwa ngoXerxes nguDaniyeli), umalume kaKhayeresi nomqondisi wokuqala, obusa eBhabhiloni naseMede, lapho athatha khona uDaniyeli (Josephus, Izakhiwo ZamaJuda,
Incwadi X, Isahluko
XI:4). |
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538/7
BCE |
Umthetho kaKhayeresi. Ukubuyela kwabavalelwe (usuku aluqinisekisiwe). Babuyela emadolobheni ase-Israyeli, kodwa hhayi eJerusalema. |
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? |
USheshbazzar ubeka isisekelo seTempele (Ezra 5:16). Kungenzeka ukuthi izisekelo kwadingeka ziphinde zibekwe kabusha nguZerubbabel lapho eqala ukwakha
ngemuva kokwakha i-altari (Ezra 3:2). Kungenzeka ukuthi uSheshbazzar unguye uShenazzar ku-1 IziKronike
3:17-19, indodana kaShealtiel
nomfowabo kaPediah, uyise kaZerubbabel. Kungenzeka ukuthi uZerubhabheli wathatha isikhundla sikaSheshbazzar njengomqondisi esemncane. UMathewu 1:12 ubhala ukuthi uZerubhabheli yindodana kaShealtiel, okusho ukuthi uPediah wayefile esemncane, kwathi uShenazzar noma uSheshbazzar wathatha isikhundla sikaShealtiel njengomprinsi ophethe iJuda, kwathi-ke kamuva wathathelwa isikhundla nguZerubhabheli, mhlawumbe lapho esefinyelele eminyakeni yobudala noma ngokushona kukamalume wakhe. |
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530-522
BCE |
Ubukhosi bukaCambyses. Ubuse unyaka owodwa ehambisana noKhayeresi, uyise wakhe. UJosephus ukhuluma ngencwadi yokhalaza eyabhalelwa le nkosi, kodwa akukho okurekhodiwe eBhayibhelini. Kwenziwe imizamo yokumxhumanisa naleyo ncwadi eyayibhalelwe u-Ahasuerusi, kodwa leli yigama
lesiPerisha likaXerxes futhi libhalwe kanjalo nguMoffatt, i-NIV nabanye. UHerodotus ubhala ukuthi le nkosi yayiphambene. |
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525
BCE |
Ukupheleliswa kwesiprofetho sokuphuka kwezandla zikaFaro esigabeni saso sokuqala ngokuthathwa kweGibhithe nguCambyses (Hezekeli izahluko 29-30 nokulandelayo), okusho iminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili
kusukela ngo-605 BCE. |
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522
BCE |
Ubukhosi bamaMagi (ngokukaJosephus). AmaMagi abulawa ngemva kokubusa konyaka owodwa, kwathi uDarius indodana kaHystaspes wakhethwa njengokumkani yizizala eziyisikhombisa eziyinhloko zasePheresiya. UZerubbabel wabuyela eJuda ngenxa yezitsha zikaNkulunkulu ezazisaseBhabhiloni
(mhlawumbe kuyaphikisana).
USmerdis, iMagi, owaziwa nangokuthi u , wabekwa esikhundleni sikaSmerdis indodana kaKhayirusi, owabulawa ngomyalelo kaCambyses. Wabusa izinyanga eziyisikhombisa kuze kwatholakala yena nomfowabo, uPatizeithes (umbhali wokushintshwa), babulawa ngobusuku bokubulawa kwamaMagi (iMagophonia). Wayengekho inkosi ngempela futhi wakhulula umyalo owodwa kuphela wokuxolelwa kwezintela iminyaka emithathu. Wavalelwa esigodlweni ngenxa yokwesaba ukutholakala, okwenzeka noma kunjalo, ngoba uSairasi wayesekhahlele izindlebe zikaSmerdis iMagi ngenxa yobugebengu obukhulu. Lo Smerdis wamanga kwesinye isikhathi usetshenziswa njengomunye waleyo zikhosi ezintathu ezishiwo kuDaniyeli 11:2-4. Lezi zikhosi ezine ezishiwo kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi zibe nguCambyses,
uDarius, uXerxes noSairasi Artaxerxes. Abanye
amakhosi ababekhona babengabandakanyeki
kangako, nakuba uDarius II wangenelela ezindabeni zamaGrikhi ngokwenza isivumelwano neSparta (Thucydides Impi yasePeloponnesian,
Incwadi 8:5,6,36,37,57-59). UHerodotus
ubhala ngalawa amakhosi amathathu okokugcina ku-Histories, Incwadi
6, ikhasi 100: Phakathi nezizukulwane ezintathu
ezibandakanya umbuso kaDarius indodana kaHystaspes, indodana yakhe uXerxes kanye nomzukulu wakhe u-Artaxerxes, iGrisi yahlaselwa yinhlekelele enkulu kunaleyo yezizukulwane ezingamashumi amabili ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaDarius, ingxenye ngenxa yezimpi zamaPheresiya, ingxenye ngenxa yezingxabano zayo zangaphakathi zokulwela ubukhosi. Ngemva kukaKoresi,
u-Artaxerxes wasePhesiya wayezibophezele
kakhulu ekulweni neGrisi kangangokuba kwakungagwemeki ukuthi impendulo yamaGrikhi ifike ngesimo sika-Alexander. |
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521
BCE |
UDarius I (Omkhulu). Kwakukhona ukwakhiwa okuncane eTempileni (Ezra
4:4-5). |
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516
BCE |
Umbikezelo weminyaka eyisikhombisa uphelile (Jer.
25:8-14 noDan. 9). IJerusalema
bekungeke kube nezakhamuzi kuze kube lolu suku. |
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486
BCE |
Xerxes
I (Ahasuerusi), indodana yesine kaDarius I, umzukulu wokuqala kaCyrus. Incwadi eyabhalelwa yena, kodwa akukho mpendulo ebhalwe phansi (Ezra 4:6). |
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465 ngaphambi kukaKristu |
U-Artaxerxes
I (igama lakhe langempela nguSairasi, obizwa nangokuthi Macrocheir noma Longimanus). Incwadi eyabhalelwa yena nguBishlam, uMithredath noTabe-el (Ezra
4:7); abaholi beqembu eliphikisana nokuvuselelwa kwamaJuda ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakhe. (Laba bahlukile kubaholi abakhulunywe ngabo nguNehemiah, okugcizelela ukuthi kunezikhosi ezimbili ezahlukene ezibandakanyekayo.) U-Artaxerxes wakhulula
umyalo wokuyala ukuthi ukwakhiwa kweThempeli kumiswe (Ezra
4:7-24). Ukuhlasela kwama-Athene
eGibhithe kanye neNhlangano yaseDelos kungenzeka kwaholela ekuthatheni izinyathelo eziqinile zokulawula. Uvukelo lwacinywa
ngo-454 BCE eGibhithe nakwezinye
izingxenye zombuso. Kwakungekho mqondo ofanele wokwakha iJerusalema eqinisiwe. Impi yamaGrikhi yaqhubeka kusukela ekutshisweni kweSardis ngo-501 BCE kuze kube ngonyaka we-17
ka-Artaxerxes ngo-448 BCE. |
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424
BCE |
U-Xerxes
II (akukho okubhalwe eBhayibhelini). Wabulawa ngo-424 emva kwezinsuku
ezingama-45 nguSogdianus, umfowabo ongavumelekile, owabusa izinyanga
eziyisithupha nengxenye. Wabulawa omunye umfowabo ongavumelekile, u-Ochus,
owaba nguDarius II ekupheleni kuka-424 BCE / ekuqaleni kuka-423 BCE. |
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423
BCE |
uDarius II. Umthetho wokuthi kuqale ukwakhiwa wakhishwa ngo-422 BCE
(Ezra 6:1 no 4:24) (okusho unyaka
wakhe wesibili). Kuqala amasonto angama-70 eminyaka. Kusuka ku-Ezra 5 ku kubonakala ukuthi uHaggai noZekariya baprofetha ngo-423 BCE nango-422 BCE. Amaviki
angama-70 eminyaka aqala
ngo-423/22 BCE (okungukuthi unyaka
wokuqala wesikhathi esisha seJubili). Ukwakhiwa kwaqedwa ngonyaka wesithupha kaDarius wasePheresiya (Ezra 6:15) ngomhla
ka-3 Adar, okungukuthi Mashi 418 BCE. UDarius washona phakathi kwesikhathi esiphakathi konyaka 405 kuya entwasahlobo ka-404. Ithempeli eNtabeni iGerizim kungenzeka laqalwa ngalesi sikhathi, kodwa cishe akuzange liqale ngaphambi konyaka 465 kuya ku-448 BCE
(bona ngenhla). |
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404
BCE |
U-Artaxerxes
II (Arsakes) ubhekene nokuvukela kwamaGibhithe lapho ethatha isihlalo sentambo entwasahlobo noma ngoNisan 404 BCE. |
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402
BCE |
U-Artaxerxes
ulahlekelwa yiGibhithe. |
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401 ngaphambi kukaKristu |
Impi
yombango ePhersiya. AmaGrikhi ahlulwa eMpini yaseCunaxa futhi abuyela ogwini loLwandle Olumnyama. |
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398
BCE |
Kwakhishwa umyalo wokuhlinzeka izidingo ukuze u-Ezra abuyele ngonyaka wesikhombisa, mhlawumbe njengomvuzo wobuqotho bamaJuda (Ezra
7:1-26). |
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387
BCE |
U-Artaxerxes
wahlula amaSpartan wavimba ukungenelela kwabo. Ukuthula kukabukhosi kwenza iPersiya yabuyela e-Ionia. |
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385
BCE |
UNehamiya wabekwa uMqondisi waseJuda kusukela ngo-385 kuya ku-372
BCE lapho idolobha nezindonga kwakhiwa kabusha (Neh. 5:14). U-Eliashib ungumpristi
omkhulu (Neh. 3:1). Lena kwakuyincwadi
yesibili noma umyalo ka-Artaxerxes. Yayihloselwe
ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezango lezindonga zokuvikela ithempeli kanye nezindonga zedolobha (ithempeli lalivele lakhiwe - Neh.
6:10-11). Kubonakala sengathi
idolobha lalilimele empini yombango lapho amaJuda aseBhabhiloni nawase-Israyeli ngokusobala axhasa inkosi. |
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375/4
BCE |
Lokhu kuqeda isiprofetho kuDaniyeli 9:25 somqalekisiwe wokuqala wezinyanga eziyisikhombisa zeminyaka, okungukuthi iminyaka engu-49 kusukela
ngo-423/2 BCE kuya ku-375/4 BCE. |
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374/3
BCE |
Unyaka weJubili uqala ngo-374 BCE, ngonyaka
wama-32 ka-Artaxerxes II. Akucaci ukuthi ukubuyiselwa kwezindawo okwenziwa uNehemia kwakuyibuyiselo leJubili. Kubonakala sengathi kwakunjalo, ngakho-ke lokhu kwakuyiJubili yokugcina eyaziwayo eyayigujwa. |
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374/3
BCE 323 ngaphambi kukaKristu |
Ngonyaka wamashumi amathathu nambili
ka-Artaxerxes. UNehimiya ubuyela
eJerusalema evela eBhabhiloni futhi uthola ithempeli lingahleleki ngaphansi kuka-Eliashib noTobia (Neh.
13:6). UNehimiya ubuyisela
iTempele futhi anikeza amaLevi nabaculi ababuyela eTempeleni (Neh. 13:10-11). Ubuyisela
umnikelo wesishumi futhi uhlambulula amaSabatha (Neh. 13:12-19). Ezra ushone ngonyaka
ofanayo no-Alexander Omkhulu (Seder Olam Rabbah
30). Ezra
ushone ngonyaka ofanayo no-Alexander Omkhulu (Seder Olam Rabbah 30). |
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62/63
CE |
Ukuphela kwamaviki
angama-62 eminyaka nokususwa
ngempumelelo kwesibongo nokwehliswa kobuphristi obuphakeme kwaba ubugebengu ngokubulawa kukaJakobe, uMbhishobhi waseJerusalema, ngo-62 CE. |
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70
CE |
Ukuphela kwamaviki angama-70 eminyaka nokubhujiswa kweThempeli. |
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73
CE |
Ukuwa kweJudea neMasada. |
UJosephus
uthi uZerubbabel wabuyela ngokushesha ngemva komyalo kaKoresi. Incwadi ethunyelwe ku-Ahasuerus iyincwadi ethunyelwe kuCambyses, futhi ukwakhiwa kwaqedwa ngesikhathi sobukhosi bukaDarius I – lapho u-Ezra noNehemia bebuyela ngaleso sikhathi, nabaprofethi uHaggai noZekariya bavuswa ngonyaka wesibili walelo buso. NgokukaJosephus,
ukwakhiwa kwakuzophela
ngo-516 BCE. Iminyaka engu-519 kuya
ku-516 BCE kwakuyisikhathi sokuqala
kakhulu esavunyelwa esiprofethweni seminyaka eyisikhombisa esenziwe nguJeremiya futhi siphindwe nguDaniyeli lapho echaza isikhathi
iJerusalema eyayizoba yindawo elahlwayo. Ukuhleleka kwesikhathi kulula kakhulu, futhi, uma izinto bezihamba
ngokwezimo zokuqala ezavunyelwa yisiprofetho, bekungeke kudingeke imishini kaHagayi, nangokwezinga elincane, uZekariya, ukuba bayalele ukuthi baqhubeke nomsebenzi (Hagayi 1:2-15). Ezra 4:23 no 5:1-2 kubonisa
ukuthi uHaggai noZekariya bamisiwe ngemva komyalo ka-Artaxerxes owaphoqa ukumiswa kokwakha (bona futhi 1Esdras
7:5).
UJosephus
uphinde achaze umyalo wokuhlinzeka izidingo zokubuyela kuka-Ezra noXerxes nomyeni ka-Esther njengo-Artaxerxes
I. Inkinga ukuthi
u-Ahasuerus (noma u-Ahasaerus)
ungumPersiya kaXerxes.
U-Artaxerxes I, owathi uHerodotus
wayebizwa ngoKoresi, wabizwa ngokuthi u-Artaxerxes ngamaGrikhi (bona futhi uJosephus, Antiq. of the Jews, Bk. XI, Ch. VI:l).
Ulwazi
olwengeziwe, olukhanyisayo,
wukuthi kwakukhona izizukulwane eziyisithupha zamaLevi ezibandakanyekile kusukela ekubuyeni kukaZerubbabel nasekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni
ngesikhathi sobukhosi bukaDarius wasePheresiya (Neh.
12:1-22). Impilo kaZerubbabel
yandiswa nguJehova ukuze abheke ukuqedwa
(Zakariya 4:9) futhi, ngemva
komyalezo kaHagayi noZakariya, wavuka waphothula Ithempeli noJeshua indodana kaJozadaki.
Ukusukela ekufikeni kukaJeshua noZerubbabel kuze kube sekubuseni kukaDarius wasePheresiya, kubhalwe kuNehemia 12:10-11 ukuthi uJeshua wayenendodana, uJoiakim; umzukulu, u-Eliashib; umzukulu omkhulu, uJoiada; umzukulu omkhulu kakhulu, uJonathan; nomzukulu omkhulu kakhulu kakhulu, uJeddua.
Kusuka kuNehemia 12:22 sibona ukuthi uJonathan akazange athathe isikhundla sikaJoiada njengompristi omkhulu, kodwa esikhundleni salokho wathatha umfowabo kaJoiada, uJohanan. UJonathani wayeshade nendodakazi kaSanibalat waseHoroni, wabe esekhishwa nguNehemiya (Neh. 13:28). Nokho, kuyacaca
ukuthi kwakukhona izizukulwane ezinhlanu ezazalwa kuJeshuwa ngaphambi kokubusa kukaDarius wasePherisha, inkosi eyakhupha umyalo wokwakhiwa kwethempeli, futhi ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakhe kwaphothulwa. Nakuba uJeshua wayenamadodana amaningi abebekhona naye ngesikhathi kwakhiwa izisekelo zeTempile ngemva konyaka wesibili (Ezra 3:9), akunakwenzeka
ukuthi uDarius wokwakha abe uDarius
I njengoba wabusa kusukela ngo-521 kuya ku-466 BCE,
cishe iminyaka engu-16 emva kokubuyela. Ngakho-ke kumele kube uDarius II ngonyaka ka-423-404 BCE, cishe iminyaka engu-114 emva kokubuya. Uma sivumela iminyaka engu-20 isizukulwane ngasinye futhi sivumela ukuthi uJaddua wayesephenduke umpristi ngaphambi kwalomuntu inkosi, uZerubbabel wayeneminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-120 ngakho-ke uJeshua wayezoba neminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-140 ngesikhathi sokwakha; futhi bashona maduzane
ngemva kwalokho. Ukusetshenziswa kwegama e-Ezra
5:2 kubonisa ukuthi uZerubhabheli noJeshua babe sebekhulile futhi sebeyekile imisebenzi enzima, njengoba kuveza futhi uZekariya
4:9.
Nehemia
12:26 ikhombisa ukuthi uJoiakim wayengumpristi omkhulu ngemva kukaJeshua kodwa kuyaphawula ukuthi washona ngaphambi kokubuya kukaNehemia noEzra. U-Eliashib wayengumpristi
omkhulu omdala kunabo bonke abasaphilayo
ngesikhathi uNehemia ebuya (Nehemia 3:1). Kubonakala sengathi uJohanan wayesephatha ubuphristi obuphezulu ngesikhathi u-Ezra ebuya (Ezra 10:6). Ubuphristi buyeka umsebenzi wokunikela ngemihlatshelo lapho umuntu eseneminyaka
engu-50 ubudala. UNehemia futhi uqinisekisa uJaddua ohlwini lwamaPhahla Abaphostoli kuze kube nguDarius
wasePheresiya. Ngakho-ke, ithempeli alikwazanga ukwakhiwa ngaphambi konyaka ka-417 BCE.
Kufanele futhi kuphawulwe ukuthi u-Iddo wabuya noZerubhabheli. Ngesikhathi sobuphristi obukhulu bukaJoiakim, ubuphristi babuphinde badlula ezizukulwaneni ezimbili, ngakho-ke sibona ukuthi uZekariya wabizwa phakathi kwamaLevi, kusukela ngesikhathi sika-Iddo. Eqinisweni
wayengumzukulu ka-Iddo, indodana
kaBerekiya, futhi wayengumprofethi ngonyaka wesibili kaDarius. Lapho uZekariya ekhuluma ngentonga yokuhlola esandleni sikaSerubhabheli nompristi omkhulu uJeshuwa, kuwumangaliso nophawu lukaNkulunkulu lokuthi uSerubhabheli akagcini ngokubeka izisekelo kodwa futhi adonsa umugqa
kuze kuphele ukwakhiwa. Siyazi kusuka kuNehemiya 12 ukuthi uZekariya wayengumpristi ngaphansi kukaJoiakim. Ngakho-ke, umbono wokuthi kwakukhona umsebenzi kusukela kudala kubonakala uqinile.
Umbikezelo kaZekariya uhlobene nokubaluleka kokwakhiwa kweThempeli namaviki angamashumi ayisikhombisa eminyakeni kusukela ebukhosini bukaDarius II ngonyaka wesibili, kanye nentuthuko yaso, ukuqedwa kwayo nokubuyiselwa kwayo.
Ubufakazi Obungekho
eBhayibhelini
Ukuqinisekiswa okubaluleke kakhulu kwendaba yeBhayibheli kuvela kumabhalelo esi-Aramaic, ahunyushwe nguH.L. Ginsberg futhi ashicilelwe ku-The
Ancient Near East: An anthology of texts and pictures (ed. James B.
Pritchard, Princeton, 1958, amakhasi 278-282), ayengamabhalelo aye futhi avela kumaJuda eFortress yase-Elephantine. Le nqaba yayivikelwe ngamaJuda nabanye amaSemayithi angengawo amaJuda kusukela ezinsukwini zombuso waseGibhithe ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa kwamaMediya namaPheresiya.
Kwakhiwe ithempeli elimangalisayo lapho futhi selimi
isikhathi eside ngesikhathi uCambyses ehlasela iGibhithe.
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambilini, ngesikhathi sobukhosi bukaKoresi Macrocheir noma u-Artaxerxes I, ukuhlasela kwama-Athenian eGibhithe kwapheliswa ngo-454 BCE, futhi iSatrap eyashiywa iphethe kwakunguMedi-Pheresiya ogama lakhe linguArsames,
owayebusa njengeSatrap kusukela ngo-455/4 BCE kuze kube okungenani ku-407 BCE.
Ngesinye isikhathi salokho, umholi wamaJuda ababezibekwe esigodini sasemkhosi wayengumJuda ogama lakhe linguYedoniah.
Ngonyaka wesihlanu kaDarius II, okungukuthi 420/419
BCE, uHananiah, umbhali wamaJuda ka-Arsames, wabhala kuYedoniah e-Elephantine emazisa ukuthi uDarius uthumele u-Arsames umyalo ovumela umkhosi Wesinkwa Esingenamvubelo wamajoni amaJuda, futhi wanikeza imininingwane yezinsuku zokubala lo mkhosi oqala ngomhla ka-14 Nisani kanje:
Ngakho-ke nibale kusukela ezinsukwini eziyishumi nane zenyanga kaNisan nime umkhosi wePhasikal,
bese kusukela ngosuku lwesi-15 kuya kwelwesi-21
lukaNisan nibhiyozele umkhosi wesinkwa esingenamvubkolanga. Nihlanzekile
ngokomthetho futhi ninaqaphele. Ningasebenzi ngosuku lwe-15 noma lwe-21, ningaphuzi ubhiya, futhi ningadli lutho olunegwele kusukela ngosuku lwe-14 ekushoneni kwelanga kuze kube ngosuku
lwe-21 luka-Nis[i-an izinsuku eziyisikhombisa akufanele ibonakale phakathi kwenu. Ungayilethi endlini yakho kodwa uyivale
phakathi kwalezi zinsuku. Ngomyalelo kaMbusi uDarius. Kubafowethu uYedoniya kanye nezikhali zamaJuda, umfowenu uHananiah].
Iqapheli 1. psh kuma-ostraca amabili avela e-Elephantine.
Iqapheli 2. Imiyalelo ehlanganisa ubhiya iyisakhiwo esisekelwe esikweni lamaJuda.
Lomkhosi ngomyalelo kaDarius ngonyaka wesihlanu wombuso wakhe kubo
bonke abantu bamaJuda ngisho nase-Elephantine ngumkhosi wePhasika okukhulunywa ngawo ku-Ezra 6:13-22. Lomkhosi wawubanjelwe ekugcwalisweni kweNtaba Engcwele, okwenzeka ngokwezincwadi zase-Elephantine ngonyaka
ka-419/8 BCE.
Unyaka wesihlanu kaDarius II wawuyonyaka ngaphambi kokuqedwa kweThempeli, futhi kuyamangaza ukuthi amadoda nabesifazane abangama-123 abavikeli
bamaJuda e-Elephantine ngomhla
ka-3 rdkaPhanenoth (inyanga
ekhalenda laseGibhithe) ngonyaka wesihlanu baqoqa iminikelo yamashikeli amabili ngomuntu ngamunye, okwenza ama-karash angu-12 namashikeli ayisithupha (ngamashikeli angu-20 alula nge-karash,
lokhu kungamashikeli
angu-246). Lesi siqoqo sinikelwe
kuNkulunkulu uYaho (Yah[o]weh). Kuyamangaza ukuthi abangewona amaJuda ababekule garrison babonakala benikela nangokulingana nama-karash ayisikhombisa ku-Ishumbethel, unkulunkulu wesilisa wama-Aram, kanye nama-karash ayi-12 ku-Anathbethel, unkulunkulu wesifazane owayefana no-Anath, umkakhe uBaal.
Lesi sikweletu somnyaka wesihlanu sasilingana nesikweletu esikhethekile futhi kungenzeka sasenzelwe ukuhlobisa iTempile eJerusalema. Noma ngabe eminye iminikelo
yayiya kwezinye izindawo eLevant ezitempileni zobuhedeni noma yayiyimikhiqizo yokwakhiwa kweTempile egameni lezinhlangano zenkolo zama-Aram, singakwazi kuphela ukucabanga. Nokho, kungase kube uphawu lobukhulu
abantu abazixube nabantu bamaGentile, njengoba sazi ukuthi
kwenzeka ku-Ezra 9:1-4 futhi kwaqhubeka kuze kufike uNehemiah.
Esikwaziyo wukuthi ngomhla ka-20kuMarheshwan
ngonyaka we-17kaMbusi uDarius,
okungukuthi ngo-408 BCE, kwathunyelwa
incwadi eJerusalema kuBagoas, uMqondisi waseJudasi, echaza ngokulandelana kwezehlakalo ezihambisana nokubuyela kuka-Arsames, owayebuyele eMesopotamiya eya enkosini. Ngemva kokubuyela kuka-Arsames kuDarius, abapristi boNkosi uKhnub abasezinqabeni e-Elephantine bahlanganyela
nomyalo omkhulu uVidaranag ukuze babhubhise Ithempeli likaYaho e-Elephantine. Indodana yakhe, uNefayan, owayephethe inqaba eSyene, wabizwa wabe eseyalelwa ukuthi abhubhise Ithempeli e-Elephantine "eNqabeni
yaseYeb".
Yena kanye namaGibhithe nezinye izosha bangena bahlakaza ithempeli phansi, bashaya phansi izinsika zamatshe nezango ezinkulu ezinhlanu, kodwa bashiya iminyango imi. Bathwala izitsha
zegolide nezesiliva kanye nazo zonke
ezinye izinto zasendulo.
Incwadi iveza ukuthi le Tempele kwakuyiyo kuphela eyayisele imi ngenxa yokuhlasela
kukaCambyses. UVidaranag kamuva wabulawa futhi wadliwa yizinja.
Incwadi iphinde iveze ukuthi
lapho kwenzeka lesi sihlakalo, kwathunyelwa incwadi kuMpristi Omkhulu eJerusalema, ogama lakhe linguJohanan, ngakho-ke manje siyazi ukuthi uMpristi
Omkhulu ngonyaka ka-410 BCE
kwakunguJohanan. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ngaphandle kokungabaza ukuthi uDarius wasePheresiya okukhulunywa ngaye kuNehemia 12:22 kwakunguDarius wesibili.
Incwadi iphinde iveze ukuthi
babhalela u-Ostanes, umfowabo ka-Anani, kanye nezikhulu zamaJuda. Laba bantu abakhulu abaphendulanga ("Abakaze bathumele incwadi kithi."). AmaJuda ase-Elephantine agqoke izingubo zesaki futhi abese kusukela
kuTammuzi wonyakawesi-14kaDarius, okungukuthi ngo-411 BCE, kuze kube yilanga lokubhalwa
kwale ncwadi, okungukuthi ngo-408 BCE.
Bacela usizo lokwakha kabusha ithempeli labo ngendlela ekhangayo kakhulu, futhi bamemezela uMqondisi ukuthi babhalele uDelaiah noShelemiah, amadodana kaSanballat, uMqondisi waseSamaria. Kucatshangwa ukuthi babefuna ukuthi bamele izicelo
zabo kuMqondisi. Lo uSanballat wayenguHoronite okukhulunywa ngaye kuNehemia 2:10, futhi indodakazi yakhe yashada nendodana kaJoiada, indodana ka-Eliashib, uMpristi Omkhulu.
Lokhu kwakumvimba ekubeni uMpristi Omkhulu. U-Eliashib, uMpristi Omkhulu, wayesaphila lapho uNehemia ebuya (Neh. 3:1), kodwa uJohanan wayesevele esebenza esikhundleni sobupristi obukhulu ngesikhathi u-Ezra ebuya futhi ngokuqinisekile
ngo-410 BCE. Kungaphethulwa kuphela
ukuthi u-Eliashib wayeyindala kunabo bonke abapristi abaphezulu ababephilayo ngesikhathi uNehemiya ebuya, ngaleyo ndlela wayeyinhloko yobuphristi, kodwa wayesekudlule isikhathi eside edlulisele imisebenzi kuJoiada, kwabe sekuyiJohanan (eshintsha umshana wakhe), kwathi kamuva uJaddua, obonakala engene esikhundleni sobupristi obuphezulu, ngokweNehemiya 12:22,
ngesikhathi sobukhosi bukaDarius wasePheresiya (II).
Nehemiah 12:22 kubonakala kuhlukanisa izikhathi ezinhlanu zibe yizigaba ezimbili.
Isikhathi sokuqala sasiyizikhathi zokugada ezinsukwini zikaJoiakim indodana kaJeshua, kanti isikhathi samanje sasibizwa ngokuthi "izinsuku zikaNehemia, uMqondisi noEzra umpristi, umbhali". Lokhu kubonakala kuqinisekisa ngokwengeziwe ukuhlukaniswa kwesikhathi esizungeze abapristi abaphezulu ababese beshonile (okungukuthi uJoiakim wayenguyise ka-Eliashib), kanye nesikhathi samanje sobupristi obuphilayo, obuqukethe u-Eliashib njengomdala kunabo bonke abapristi
abaphezulu abaphilayo.
Ekubuyeni kuka-Ezra, uJaddua akakhulunywa ngaye; kubhalwe kuphela ukuthi uJehohanan wayenegumbi, okusikisela ukuthi wayesenguMpristi Omkhulu. UJaddua ubonakala efakwe kuNehemia 12:22 njengomuntu owabamba ubuphristi, okungase kube okwesikhashana njengoba uNehemia ehlanganisa bonke abapristi kuze kube sekubuseni kukaDarius wasePheresiya, ongabazeki ukuthi ungudarius II. Ezra ubhala sengathi uJohanan (noma uJehohanan) noJaddua babengekho, nokuthi wahlala egumbini likaJohanan ngesikhathi engabikho.
Umqondo ovela emithonjeni yeBhayibheli nengeyona yeBhayibheli wukuthi ubuphristi obukhulu bwahamba kabi ngemva
kwezinsuku zikaJoiakim. Kubonakala sengathi u-Eliashib, uJohanan noJaddua abazange banake imisebenzi yabo ngokufanele. Ukungaphenduli kwamaJuda ase-Elephantine okwenziwa nguJohanan nokungabambi iqhaza emisebenzini ka-Ezra noNehemiah kubonisa ukuthi baphuthelwe imisebenzi yabo. Ukushadisana kwabantu bezizwe ezahlukene, ukungcola, nokuhlambalaza kuyafakazelwa ngokwengeziwe yizincwadi ezivela e-Elephantine. Inothi labhalwa ukuthi uBagoas noDelaiah babhalela izikhulu zempi bemyala ukuthi u-Arsames aziswe ukuthi iTempele lizokwakhiwa kabusha e-Elephantine, kube neminikelo yenyama nomhlatshelo wokunuka okuhle okwenziwa esithabeni njengakuqala.
Akukhulunywanga ngokunikela ngenikelo ukuze kungathinti imizwa ka-Arsames, ongumZaldeya obebheka ukuthintana komlilo nemizimba efile njengento engcolile. Kubhalwe futhi ukuthi amaJuda
ase-Elephantine ngaphansi kukaYedoniah ekugcineni kwadingeka acele u-Arsames, ethembisa ukuthi ngeke banikele
ngenikelo elitshiswayo eTempileni nokukhokha ama-ardab ayinkulungwane embhontshisweni (imibhalo kuPritchard, ibid.).
Kubonakala sengathi iTempele yaqedwa ngo-417 BCE. Abadala bobuphristi obuphakeme bashona kwathi kwavela ukuntula ukuqondiswa, u-Eliashib, uJohanan noJaddua babengasebenzi ngokwanele.
Okubalulekile ngalezi zincwadi ukuthi zinikeza ubufakazi obusekela ulwazi lweBhayibheli, futhi zibonisa ukunemba ngokoqobo kweBhayibheli. Futhi zibonisa ukuthi isiko lokuthi
usuku lokwakhiwa ngo-516
BCE akunakwenzeka.
Enye inkomba ebalulekile yokusekela umbhalo weBhayibheli itholakala Kuzincwadi Zesi-Aramaic. UMibtahiah, indodakazi kaMahseiah, indodana kaYedoniah, wayeshade noPi, indodana kaPahi (Phy), umakhi wenqaba
yaseSyene lapho uMahseiah ayekhonza khona eqenjini laseVarizata. Lokhu kukhombisa ububanzi bokushadisana okwenzeka kuze kufike ku-Ezra
noNehemiah.
Ngonyakawama-25ka-Artaxerxes,
laba bobabili bahlukana, futhi isivumelwano sigcinwe phakathi kwezincwadi zesi-Aramayiki. Mibtahiah waphoqeleka ngisho ukuba afunge ngenkazana
kaNkulunkulu waseGibhithe
(Sati) ngenxa yokuhlukana, futhi ukuhlukaniswa kwedowry yakhe kubhalwe phansi.
Ukubhujiswa kweThempeli e-Elephantine kwaba ukuqala kochungechunge lwezivukela-mbuso zabantu baseGibhithe abaphikisana namaJuda, olwaqala ngo-410 BCE lwaqhubeka kuze kube ngesikhathi sobukhosi buka-Artaxerxes II, owabhekana nesiVukela-mbuso saseGibhithe lapho ethatha isihlalo ngo-404 BCE; kwathi ngo-402 BCE walahlekelwa iGibhithe. Ngo-401 BCE walwa impi
yombango ePhesiya, kanti kuyo yonke
le nkathi amaJuda ahlala ethembekile, okwabangela ukuba aphathwe kahle.
Inganekwane Yesiyalo Sika-Artaxerxes
IBhayibheli alisho lutho nganoma yisiphi
isikhathi ngomyalelo ka-Artaxerxes ohlobene nokwakhiwa kweThempeli ngaphandle kokuyeka ukwakha, njengoba kuchazwe ku-Ezra 4:23. Lapho umyalo wokuhlinzekwa
ngempahla wakhishwa, iTempele lalisivele lakhiwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umyalo wawukhishwe
nguXerxes I noma uArtaxerxes I noma uArtaxerxes II. Kungekho inguqulo eyaziwayo emlandweni wakudala, noma eBhayibhelini noma engesiyo eBhayibhelini,
lapho uArtaxerxes I ekhunjulwa ngayo ngomyalo oncomekayo wokwakhiwa kweTempele noma wokuhlinzeka amaLevi. Lokhu kuwukusungulwa kwesimanje.
Abafundisi bezinkolo abathi u-Artaxerxes I wenza lokhu, ikakhulukazi
maqondana nezinsuku
ezingama-2,
Abafundisi bezinkolo abathi u-Artaxerxes I wenza umyalo wokwakha
ithempeli, ikakhulukazi maqondana nezinsuku
ezingama-2,300 noma amasonto
angamashumi ayisikhombisa eminyakeni kuDaniel 9:25 (okuqukethe ukuguqulwa okungalungile kuKing James nakwezinye, kodwa kuchazwe kahle ku-RSV), bayaphutha.
Lapho iBhayibheli ihlukile emithonjeni yomlando, kuhlala kufakazeka ukuthi ilungile kakhulu njengoba ulwazi lukhula.
Amaviki Angamashumi Ayisikhombisa Emnyakeni
Ukubaluleka kwesiprofetho samaviki angamashumi ayisikhombisa eminyakeni eDaniel 9:25-27 ukuthi, uma kuthathwa kusukela
esinqumweni sikaDarius II, kuphela ngo-70 CE, kuqala ngokuzungezwa kweJerusalema ngumbutho kaTitus mhla ziyi-1 kuNisan, futhi kuqhubeka kuze kube sekubhujisweni
kweThempeli ngo-70 CE – ngosuku
olufanayo, ngokwesiko, eyawa kubabhiloni (bona ukuhumusha kukaMoffatt). Lolu daba luphela ngokuvala
iTemple eLeontopolis eGibhithe (bona ngezansi).
Okuqala oGcobiwe nguNehemia, owabuyisela ubuphristi beThempeli ngo-372 BCE
(amasonto ayisikhombisa eminyakeni) wahlambulula amaSabatha waphinda wasungula umnikelo wesishumi. Waqeda izindonga zenqaba yeThempeli nezindonga zedolobha wahlela kabusha iJerusalema.
Okwesibili Otheliwe kuyinkonzo kaMesiya. Nokho, isiprofetho sikhuluma ngeJerusalema nasemsebenzini weTempele, hhayi ngezikhathi zenkonzo kaMesiya. Uxolelo lwazo zonke
izono nokulunga okuphakade kwakungeke kubhekwe njengokulethwe noma okuphelele ngenkathi umthetho wemikhosi usasebenza. Ngakho-ke, ukuphelela kwalesi siprofetho kwakuncike ekususweni noma ekubhujisweni kwendawo yokunikela ngemihlatshelo.
Ngoba, ngenkathi umnikelo wokuqhubeka usenziwa eTempileni, uMesiya wayengakabi ngaphezu kwabo bonke noma umnikelo
wakhe wawungeke wathi ususe ngempela
umnikelo wansuku zonke, yize kwenziwa
ngokufa kwakhe. Lesi siprofetho asikakayiqedi, futhi akusiwona umkhankaso weviki elihlukanisiwe njengoba abanye bekhomba, kodwa kungenxa yokuthi ukuphela okunqunyiwe akukakashaywa kumshabalalisi, okungukuthi uhlelo lwamaRoma. Lokhu kuzokwenzeka, njengoba iSambulo iveza, lapho idolobha
lidliwa khona futhi umbuso wesikhombisa
noma wesishiyagalombili wababusi abayishumi ugcina ubhujiswe.
Uma umyalo wawuthathwa kusukela ngo-516 BCE ngesikhathi sobukhosi bukaDarius I ukuze ulandele ngqo amasonto
angama-70 eminyaka, khona-ke
ukuphela kwalesi siprofetho kwaba ngo-26 BCE, okubonakala kungahlangene nhlobo ne . Ubukholwa obusemthethweni namuhla buzama ukuhlanganisa udaba nonyaka ka-27 CE nokusho ukuthi inkonzo kaKristu yaqala ngaleso sikhathi, okungekho. UJosephus uyaphutha ngokusobala mayelana nokuqala, futhi ukunwetshwa kwakhe kombuso wamaKhaldeya kubonakala kuhloswe ngokwandisa ukubusa kwabo ukuze kwandiswe
izinsuku zababusi basePheresiya ukuze kunikezwe incazelo ethile esiprofethweni samaviki angama-70 eminyakeni esuka kuKoresi. Phakathi kwezindodana zikaSadoki, amasonto angama-70 eminyaka ayenencazelo ehlukile ngokuphelele ehlobene neminyaka yabantu, kodwa lokho kungaphandle komkhawulo walomsebenzi (bheka i-Appendix ukuze uthole ukuhlaziywa kukaJosephus).
Ukuguqulwa kokwakhiwa kweThempeli kusuka kuDarius II kuya kuDarius I kubonakala kuyindlela eyenziwe ngemva kweNkolo YobuKristu (eyashintshwa nguJosephus) ezama ukwehlisa ukubaluleka kwesiprofetho samaviki angama-70 eminyaka, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi yinhloso ye-1 Esdras engaqondakali, okungeyona iBhayibheli.
Amaviki angama-70 eminyaka awazange aqale ngokubusa kukaDarius I noma ngomyalelo ongekho ka-Artaxerxes I, kodwa aqala kuDarius
II. Lona ubufakazi obuqinile
bokuba uMesiya kukaKristu futhi aludingi ukudlala ngokungekho eBhayibhelini ngezikhathi zeminyaka emithathu nengxenye noma zeminyaka eyisikhombisa ezingaphelele.
Isibonakaliso sikaJona
Isibonakaliso sikaJona siyisici esibaluleke kakhulu senkonzo kaMesiya. UKristu wathi lokhu kuMathewu
12:39-40:
39Isizukulwane esibi nesilalayo sifuna isibonakaliso; kodwa asisoze sinikezwe isibonakaliso ngaphandle kwesibonakaliso somprofethi uJonah. 40Ngokuba njengokuba
uJonah wayehle ezinsukwini ezintathu nasebusuku ezintathu esiswini senkalamu, kanjalo iNdodana yomuntu izoba ezinsukwini
ezintathu nasebusuku ezintathu enhliziyweni yomhlaba. 41Amadoda aseNineve
azovuka ngesikhathi sokwahlulela naleli sizukulwane, bawahlulele; ngoba abaphenduka ngokushumayela kukaJona, bheka, okukhulu kunoJona likhona lapha. 42Inkosi yaseNingizimu
izovuka ngesikhathi sokwahlulela naleli sizukulwane, iyawahlulela, bheka, okukhulu kunoSolomoni likhona lapha.
Lokhu kuphindwe kuLuka 11:29-32. KuLuka sibona ukuthi uKristu
uthi esahlukweni 30:
Ngokunjalo njengoba uJona waba uphawu kubantu
baseNineve, kanjalo iNdodana yomuntu izoba uphawu kuleli
sizukulwane.
Isibonakaliso sikaJona asizange sibe nje
ukuthi wachitha izinsuku ezintathu nobusuku obuthathu esiswini senkalamu, kodwa futhi wangena
eNineve, eyayihamba usuku olulodwa ngezinyawo, kwathi ngemva kohambo losuku olulodwa edolobheni, wabikezela eNineve. Yaphenduka ngemva kokunikezwa izinsuku ezingamashumi amane zokwenza kanjalo (Jona 3:3-10).
UKristu waqala inkonzo yakhe ngemva
kokuba uJohane uMbhapathizi eseqalile ukufundisa. UJohane waqala ukufundisa ngonyaka weshumi nanhlanu wombuso kaTiberias Caesar. Uma sisebenzisa unyaka wezwe oqala ngoTishri
(Septhemba/Okthoba) kanye nosuku lobukhosi
bukaTiberius olusukela ekufeni kuka-Augustus kunokumemezela
kweSenethi, usuku olusenesikhathi kakhulu lokhu kungaba u-Okthoba 27 CE (bheka Isikhathi Sokubethelwa Nokuvuka
(No. 159)). Siyazi ukuthi uJohane wayebhapathiza isikhathi eside ngesikhathi uJesu eza ukuba
abhapathizwe yena. Ngokukhethekile, singabala izinsuku kusukela ekubhapathizweni kwakhe kuze kube iPasika
lika-28 CE, okubonakala zilingana
cishe nezinsuku ezingamashumi amahlanu. Kusuka kuMathewu 4:17 siyazi ukuthi uJesu
akazange aqale inkonzo yakhe kuze
uJohane abekwe ejele (Mat. 4:12). Kusuka kuJohane 3:22 kuyabonakala ukuthi, ngemva kwePhasika lika-28 CE, uJesu nabafundi bakhe babegcoba eJudiya (nakuba uKristu yena engazange agcobe (Joh. 4:2)). UJohane wayengakayifakwa ejele futhi wayegcoba
e-Aenon eduze kweSalim (Joh. 3:23-24). Ngakho-ke, uKristu akazange aqale inkonzo yakhe kuze
kube sekupheleni kwePhasika lika-28 CE. Ngakho-ke uKristu wayenkonzo engaphansi kweminyaka emibili. Uma ihlangene
nenkonzo kaJohane uMbhapathizi, ukubhaptiza kwakhe nokukhethwa kwabafundi, inkonzo yaba iminyaka emibili
nengxenye. Lokhu kwakususelwa emgomeni wonyaka-ngosuku wokubikezela kukaJona.
Ezinye izinkolo
zanamuhla zithi inkonzo kaKristu yayingeminyaka emithathu nengxenye nokuthi wabethel
Ezinye izinkolo zanamuhla zithi inkonzo kaKristu yayingeminyaka emithathu nengxenye futhi wabethelwa ngo-31 CE. Ngokwehlelwa
kwesikhathi sikaJohane nabanye, kubonakala ukuthi kwakukhona iPhasika lika-30 CE (bona Isikhathi Sokubethelwa Nokuvuka
(No. 159)). Inkonzo yakhe yayingeminyaka emibili (noma izinsuku
ezimbili zokubikezela), kusukela kuPhasika lika-28 CE kuya kuPhasika lika-30 CE. Kwakukhona izigaba ezimbili cishe zezinsuku ezingama-50 noma ngaphezulu ngaphambi kokubhapathizwa kwakhe kuze kube uPhasika,
kanye cishe izinsuku ezingama-50 ngemva kokuvuka kwakhe kuze kube iPentekoste.
Uma kufakwa kulokho kukaJohane Umbhapathizi, kusungulwa inkonzo engaphansi kweminyaka emithathu (noma izinsuku ezintathu
zokubikezela) ngokomlinganiselo
wonyaka ngosuku noJona. Inkonzo kaJohane Umbhapathizi ilingana nokuhamba kosuku olulodwa ukuya edolobheni, kanti inkonzo kaKristu
iyisiprofetho sezinsuku ezimbili. Kubhapathizo likaKristu sibona ukuhlolwa kukaSathane ezinsukwini ezingama-40 ehlane, ngaphambi kwePhasika lika-28 CE nokuqala kwenkonzo kaKristu. Ukuhlolwa kukaSathane ezinsukwini
ezingama-40 ehlane kwakufana
ngendlela yaso nesikhathi esinikezwe iNineve, futhi uSathane wahlulelwa.
Njengobufakazi obuqinile benkonzo kaKristu, iJerusalema yanikezwa unyaka owawulingana nosuku uma kuqhathaniswa
neNineve. Isigaba sesithathu sezinsuku ezingama-40 saseJuda saba iminyaka
engama-40 eyaphela ngokubhujiswa
okuphelele kweJerusalema
ngo-70 CE, iminyaka engama-40 kusukela
ekufeni kukaKristu, ngoba ngokungafani neNineve abazange bazisole – yize banikwa isibonakaliso esikhulu kunesikaJona eNineve.
Ukubaluleka okukhulu komsebenzi kaJona kwakuwukuthi wawuyela kwabantu abangewona amaJuda, nokuthi yena yedwa phakathi
kwabaprofethi bamaHebheru owaholela ekuziphendukeleni kwabantu abangewona amaJuda. Lokhu kwakuyisibonelo sokuqala somsebenzi kaMesiya njengoba kwavezwa ku-Isaya 53. Ngokubandezeleka, okwavezwa futhi kuHubo 22, uKristu wayeqonda ukusetshenziswa kwalezi Zibhalo. Wakhuluma amazwi eHubo 22 esiphambanweni futhi wanikeza isaziso ngomsebenzi wakhe kwizizwe ezweni leFani yomlimi
kuMarku 12:1-9. Izinkomba ezivela ezincwadini zeVangeli ezihlangene zicaciswa ngokugcwele eVangelini likaJohane, zikhombisa ukuthi uKristu wayebheke ekubhedweni nasekufeni okwakuzoletha isithelo esiningi njengembewu yengqoloyi futhi "kudonse bonke abantu
kimi" (Johane 12:32).
Uma amaFarisi namaSadusi bemukela ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwethempeli kwaqhubeka ngesikhathi sobukhosi bukaDarius II, kwakungagwemeki ukuthi bagwetshwe, ngakho-ke bahlela uchungechunge olungelona iqiniso noludidayo. Ukudideka kwamaKristu kwanamuhla mayelana namaviki angama-70 eminyaka azungeze u-Artaxerxes I kuphikisana ngokuphelele no-Ezra no-Nehemiah, futhi ngenxa yalokho
kuyaphikiswa yiJudaismu. Amaviki angama-70 eminyaka aphelile ngokunembile ekupheleni kwesikhathi seminyaka engu-40 esinikezwe uJuda neJerusalema sokuziphendukela, esiqala mhla ziyi-1 Nisani 70 CE kuya mhla ziyi-1 Nisani 71 CE, ngaleso sikhathi iTempele yayisibhidliziwe. Ukubhekisela kukaKristu eNineve nakuSolomoni kubonisa ukubaluleka kwesikhathi seThempeli nokuyeka kwemihlatshelo. IJerusalema yazingezwa ngo-1 Nisani, yaphangwa, kwathi iThempeli yabhujiswa ngosuku lokuxolelwa kwazo zonke izono
ngo-70 CE. Kwakusele ingxenye
yochungechunge engakagcwaliswa.
"Amaviki angamashumi
ayisikhombisa eminyaka"
aqala ngonyaka wokuqala weJubili entsha. Lokho kwakungokwesibili
ngonyaka wokubusa kukaDarius II. Ekupheleni kweJubili kwaba nokubuyiselwa kuka-Ezra noNehemia (bona iphepha Elifundayo uMthetho no-Ezra noNehemia (No. 250)).
Okungajwayelekile ukuqondwa ukuthi umnikelo waqhubeka eJudasi ngemuva kokubhujiswa kweThempeli ukuze kugcwaliswe isiprofetho ku-Isaya 19:19.
Isaya 19:19 Ngalolo suku kuzoba nethempeli leNkosi phakathi kwezwekazi laseGibhithe, kube nesigxobo emngceleni waso esingowenkosi. (KJV)
Kuyaziwa ukuthi kwakhiwe ithempeli e-Elephantine futhi ukunikela kwaqhubeka lapho ngenkathi ithempeli laseJerusalema lalidilika ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kweJerusalema ngamaBhabhiloni. Leli thempeli laqhubeka lisebenza ngokugcwele kuze kwaphangwa ngemva kokuthi ithempeli laseJerusalema selakhiwe kabusha ngesikhathi sobukhosi bukaDarius II. Kamuva iJerusalema yaqhubeka njengendawo eyinhloko yokukhonza ethempelini cishe iminyaka engamakhulu amabili kuze kube ngekhulu
lesibili ngaphambi kukaKristu. U-Isaya wayephrofetha ukuthi iTempele liyakhiwa eGibhithe. Le profetho
yayiphathelene noMesiya (Isaya 19:20) owayezosindisa iGibhithe. Ngaleso sikhathi babephansi kwamandla amaRoma futhi uMesiya wathunyelwa
eGibhithe ukuze avikeleke esemncane futhi agcwalise le profetho kanye
naleyo kuHoseya, ukuze abizwe eGibhithe
njengoNdodana kaNkulunkulu nowokuqala wakwa-Israyeli.
Ukwakhiwa kweThempeli lokugcina eGibhithe kubhalwe phansi (ngesinye isikhathi kwabhalwa ngokungalungile ukuthi kwenzeka ngo-1 BCE) kuThe Companion Bible eSihlomathiselweni 81. Ukwakhiwa kubhalwe phansi nguJosephus (Antiquities of the Jews, 13.3.1-3; 6; The
Jewish Wars 7.10,3; kanye neAgainst
Apion 2.5). Isifinyezo sithi, ngenxa yezimpi
phakathi kwamaJuda namaSiriya, uMpristi Omkhulu, u-Onias IV, wabaleka waya e-Alexandria. Wasekela ngokusebenzayo iGibhithe ekuvikeleni iSyria. Wemukelwa khona nguPtolemy Philometor ngenxa yalokho. Waqokwa ukuba inkosi yamaJuda
lapho futhi waba yi-Ethnarch ne-Alabarch. Wacela imvume kuPtolemy
noCleopatra yokwakha Ithempeli lapho ukuze kugcwaliseke uHezekiyeli. Wacela imvume yokugcwalisa ithempeli ngezinkosi zakhe nabanye amaLevi.
Incwadi ayibhalile kanye nempendulo yinkosi nenkosikazi kubhalwe ku-Appendix engenhla.
Ithempeli eJerusalema lalihlanjululwe ngenxa yokuba khona
kwezithixo zamaGrikhi ezazibekwe khona ngu-Antiochus Epiphanes. IJerusalema
yaba yiHellenised kakhulu kulesi sikhathi futhi lolu hlelo lwabhidlizwa.
U-Onias wafika eLeontopolis
esifundeni saseHeliopolis noma i-nome. Indawo yeThempeli yayiyindawo lapho u-Israyeli wayenokukhanya ezindlini zabo ngesikhathi iGibithe yayisebumnyameni. Inhloso lapha kwakuwukumela uMesiya owayezoba ukukhanya ebumnyameni. Ithempeli lasebenza iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-200 kusukela ngo-160 BCE kuya ku-71
CE, lapho lavalwa ngomyalelo kaVespasian. Lesi siza sabizwa kuLXX
njengedolobha lobulungisa
('ir-ha-zedek). AmaJuda ayenomona omkhulu ngaleli Thempeli futhi ashintsha izinhlamvu zamagama 'idolobha lelanga' ukuze zifundeke 'idolobha lokubhujiswa' (cheres
kuya kuheres).
Amadolobha amahlanu akhulunywa ngawo ku-Isaya 19:18 kungenzeka ukuthi yiHeliopolis, iLeontopolis, iDaphne, iMigdol neMemphis.
Ukuvalwa kweThempeli ngo-71 CE
ngomyalelo kaVespasian kwaphelisa lesi sigaba seSibonakaliso sikaJona. Nakuba ukunikela kwakuyaqhubeka e-Elephantine ngesikhathi iThempeli lokuqala lalilimele, uNkulunkulu akazange avumele leli Thempeli
liphile ngemva kokubhujiswa kweThempeli eJerusalema. Kulokhu, iThempeli elisha lalizokwakhiwa ngamatshe aphilayo futhi igunya lalidlulile kuJuda laya ebandleni
elisehlane. Lesi sigaba seSibonakaliso sikaJona sasihloselwe ukwahlulela izizwe iminyaka engu-40 yamaJubili. Ukunikela kwakuzoyeka kulo lonke lesi sikhathi seminyaka engu-40 yamaJubili. Noma ubani ozame ukwethula
kabusha ukunikela ubulawe noma wabhubhiswa.
Lokhu kwaqedela amasonto angama-70 eminyaka nesikhathi esabekwa seSonto lesibili. Isibonakaliso sika
Lokhu kwaqedela amasonto angama-70 eminyaka nesikhathi esabekwa seTempele lesibili. Isibonakaliso sikaJona naso saqedwa, futhi
kusukela ngalesi sikhathi iTempele lesithathu sasisuswa eJerusalema sahlakazeka.
Ithempeli lesithathu, noma iTabernakeli lesine, kwakufanele lakhiwe ngamabhulokhi ngamunye aBafana bakaNkulunkulu abazalwe ngumoya. Ukubaluleka kwalokhu kutholakala kuZekariya 3:8-10 naseZekariya 4.
Kusukela kwesahluko 8, kwenziwa isimemezelo sokufika kweGatsha futhi kwabikezelwa amehlo ayisikhombisa (lawa ngawona izinkanyezi
eziyisikhombisa ku-IsAmbulo
2:1). Ukusukela ekuza kukaKristu, othi "uzosusa ububi balelo
zwe ngosuku olulodwa", sibona ukuthuthukiswa kwezigaba eziyisikhombisa zeSonto kanye nezihlahla ezimbili zomnqumo kuZakariya 4:1-3. Lezi zihlahla ezimbili zomnqumo ziyizabekwayo ezimbili futhi zikhupha uwoyela kuzo ngamapayipi amabili egolide (Zakariya 4:12). Ngakho-ke Ithempeli lesithathu likaMoya kaNkulunkulu, ngakho-ke, kumele liqedele zonke izinto ngamafutha kaMoya kaNkulunkulu. Ngokuba umusa unikwe
lona (Zakariya 4:7), futhi kusuka kuZakariya
4:6 sibona ukuthi zonke izinto ziqedwa
kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, "hhayi ngamandla, hhayi ngamandla, kodwa ngomoya wami
kusho iNkosi yamabutho".
Ngenxa yalokhu, Ithempeli lesibili, noma Itende lesithathu,
lalilinganiselwe ngesikhathi
futhi kwadingeka linikezele indawo eThempelini lesithathu nelomoya, iTende lesine, lamakhandlela ayisikhombisa, okuyizikhathi eziyisikhombisa zeSonto njengoba sazi kusuka
ku-IsAmbulo 2 no-3. Lezi zikhathi zabizwa ngamagama ezindawo ezahlukile eJerusalema futhi zaqala e-Efesu njengesikhathi sase-Efesu.
Nokho, kusukela ngo-70 CE inhliziyo yamaJuda yaba lukhuni kangangokuba
bangaqondi ukubaluleka kwayo. Kungenzeka ngokulinganayo ukuthi iziphathimandla zamaRhabhi ngaleso sikhathi zabona ngokuphelele ukubaluleka kwalesi siprofetho futhi zazigwetshwa ngaso. Kusukela lapho, ukudalwa kwendaba yokwakhiwa ngesikhathi sobukhosi bukaDarius I kwaqala ukufihla ukubaluleka kwale ndaba.
Uchungechunge lokugcina Lophawu lukaJona lwaluhlanganisa amaJubili angamashumi amane, esikubona ekuphileni kukaMose njengesigaba sesithathu nesokugcina esifanekiswa neminyaka engamashumi amane ehlane lase-Israyeli ngaphambi kokuba lithathe ifa lalo.
Le minyaka engamashumi amane yayiyisibonelo samaJubili angamashumi amane. IJubili yokuqala yayihilela ukuzalwa kukaKristu nokulungiselela inkonzo yakhe. UJohane uMbhapathizi waqala inkonzo yakhe ngonyaka weJubili ka-27 CE, owawuyonyaka weshumi nanhlanu kaTiberias, ngakho-ke kwakungokwango-Okthoba. Ngakho-ke
ukubaluleka lapha kwakuwukuthi waqala lapho iJubili yayishaywa.
Njengoba sesibonile, isifanekiso sokubuyiselwa kukaJosiya sasekunyakeni wokuqala weJubili entsha. Lena yilokho uKristu akwenzile ngqo. Waqala umsebenzi
wakhe ngo-28 CE ngemva kwePhasika. Ngakho-ke amaJubili angamashumi amane athatha Isibonakaliso
sikaJona aze afinyelele ekusungulweni kweMileniyamu ngonyaka wokuqala weJubili entsha ngoMashi/Ephreli 2028 CE. Ukuhleleka kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu kusukela ku-1997 kuya ku-2027.
Indlela Engalungile
Ukugxila kwezazi zenkolo zamaProtestanti esigwebo sika-Artaxerxes kuvela emizameni yokuhlanganisa isiprofetho nokuhunyushwa kabi kweDaniel 9:25 ku-King James
Version. Ekupheleni kweminyaka
yama-1830, uWilliam Miller wakhetha
lokhu njengosuku lokuqala lwesiprofetho sezinsuku ezingama-2,300. Kuyamangaza
ukuthi yini eyabangela yena nabanye benze leli
phutha. Ukuqala kwesiprofetho kuchazwe kuDaniyeli kusukela ngesikhathi isiduli siphahlazwa ngenyawo futhi umnikelo oshiswayo oqhubekayo eTempileni ususwa. Lokhu akwenzekanga kusukela, noma kwahambisana nanoma yiliphi umyalo wokwakha noma umyalo
wokuhlinzeka. UMiller wayephutha kakhulu futhi ukuphathwa kwalezi ziprofetho ngemva kweReformation kube umthombo wokuthakazelisa.
Ukuxhumanisa Isiprofetho Sezinsuku Eziyi-2,300
Isikhathi esidala kunazo zonke lapho
isiprofetho singaqala khona kwakuyimpi yaseGranicus ngo-334 BCE kwaze kwaba ekugcineni kokuhlaselwa kweJerusalema nokuhlambalaza iTembele nguPtolemy (Soter) ekupheleni kuka-302 BCE. Lokhu kubeka ukuqedwa kwesiprofetho, ngesikhathi saso sokuqala, kusukela ngo-1967 ngokuhlangana kweJerusalema kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-1998. Njengoba kuyisikhathi esinokwenzeka kakhulu, lokhu kusho ukuthi
konke kuzogcwaliseka kusukela ngo-1999. Abanye baxhumanisa ukumiswa kwesidlo sakusihlwa semihla ngemihla se u ku-Antiochus Epiphanes ngo-167
BCE, okungabeka ukuphelela
ngo-2133 noma ngo-2134, kodwa
lokhu ngeke kuhambisane noDaniyeli 12 noma noKwembulwa. Ngokufanayo, idethi ka-197 BCE izokhiqiza idethi ka-2108.
Ngo-197
BCE, iJudea yaba yiphondo loMbuso wamaSeleuci, abalandelayo baseMpumalanga baka-Alexander la
Ngo-197
BCE, iJudeya yaba yiphondo loMbuso wamaSeleusi, abalandelayo baseMpumalanga baka-Alexander lapho u-Antiochus Epiphanes ephuma khona. USeleucus IV waqala ukungenelela kwamaHellenistic okwaphikiswa nguMphristi Omkhulu wamaZadoki, u-Onias III.
Bheka amaphepha Ukuza kweMesiya: Ingxenye
I (No. 210A) kanye Ukuza kweMesiya: Ingxenye II (No. 210B); bheka futhi uchungechunge
lwe-WWIII (No. 141A_2), (No. 141B), (No. 141C), (No. 141C_2), (No.141C_3), (No. 141D), (No. 141E), (No.
141E_2), (No.141F), (No. 141F_2), (No. 141G), (No. 141H), kanye (No.
299A), (No.
299B), (No.
299C).
Ukuphela kwezinyanga
ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa
zeminyaka
Ukuphela kwesiprofetho samaviki angama-70 eminyaka nemininingwane ehlobene nokubhujiswa kweThempeli ngo-70 CE kudinga ukuhlaziywa okunembile ukuze kuqondwe kahle.
Ubulawuli bamaJuda phezu kweThempeli bamukelwa futhi baxhaswa ngamaRoma. Izivimbelo zokungavunyelwa kwamaGentile ukungena ezigcekeni zangaphakathi zeThempeli zaxhaswa ngamaRoma, futhi isigwebo kwakuyukufa, noma ngabe wayengumRoma. AmaRoma aqinisekisa igunya lamaJuda lokwahlulela izigwebo zokufa ngisho nakubantu
abangewona amaJuda. Kungakho uPhawuli kwadingeka acele ukwahlulelwa kuMbusi (Izenzo 25:9-12), futhi yilokho kuphela okwamvimba uFestus ekubhekaneni noPhawuli ngokomthetho wamaJuda.
Kusuka encwadini ka-Emile Schürer ethi The History of the Jewish People in the Age
of Jesus Christ (iVolumu 1, 111.2, T&T Clarke
Ltd, e-Edinburgh, 1973), ukukhonza kwamaJuda akuzange kuvunyelwe nje kuphela kodwa kwakuvikelwe
uMbuso wamaRoma. Futhi ukuphathwa kweThempeli nguhulumeni, ikakhulukazi ngezimali zaso, kwenzeka kusukela ngo-6 kuya ku-41 CE
(ibid., Vol. 1, amakhasi 377-379).
Ukusukela
ngo-44 CE kuya ku-66 CE ukuphathwa
kwadluliselwa kuHerode waseChalcis kwabe sekudluliselwa ku-Agrippa II
(ibid., Vol. l, amakhasi 377, 472). Isithombe sikamBusi sisuswe ngisho nasezindwangu zomBuso (ibid., ikhasi 380).
AmaJuda nawo akhululwe enkonzweni yezempi ukuze kugwenywe ukungqubuzana Nezinkonzo NeSabatha (op. cit., Vol. I, amakhasi
362-363; Vol. II, amakhasi 474-475; Vol. III, amakhasi 22-23, 120-121). IJuda lihlala kuze kube
ngu-70 CE liyiyunithi yokuphatha
enohulumeni wayo wesifundazwe.
Kuze kube sekuphumezeni kweMpi YamaJuda ngo-66 CE, ibutho laseRoma eCaesarea lalibunjwe kakhulu amasosha aseSyria, aseCaesarea naseSebastene. Ngo-66 CE, uVespasian
wakwazi ukubhalisa ebuthweni lakhe amaqembu amahlanu kanye ne-ala eyodwa yamakhali avela eCaesarea (ibid., vol. I, ikhasi
364) afana nalabo ababemi lapho ngo-44 CE. Amabutho ase-IzEnzo 27:1 cishe ngo-60 CE kungenzeka ukuthi ayelinye lamaqoqo amahlanu akhulunywe ngawo nguJosephus ku-The
Antiquities of the Jews, Incwadi XX, 8,7, lapho ethi ukungahleleki
phakathi kwamaJuda namaSiriya kwagcina kubangela impi.
Ukwakhiwa
kokugcina eTempileni kwakuyindonga engxenyeni ephakeme kakhulu yesakhiwo esingaphakathi ngasohlangothini lwentshonalanga ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuqaphela kuka-Agrippa ingaphakathi lenkundla ngesikhathi semikhosi (Schürer,
vol. I, ikhasi 475). Ukuqothulwa
kwale ndonga kwavinjwa ngokumangalela kuNero nangokucela kosizo kukaPoppea, umkakhe uNero. Ngaleso sikhathi ubuphristi obukhulu, obabekhethwe ngu-Agrippa, baqala ukuthatha izibingelelo zesishumi, kwathi abaphristi abampofu bafa indlala
(ibid., amakhasi 465, 468-470).
Ngo-62
CE, lokhu kwakhiwa kokugcina eTempileni kwakuphelile futhi ukususwa kwezibingelelo eziyishumi kwamiswa njengokuvamile ngabameli abaqokwe ngu-Agrippa, kuqala ku-Ananus.
Imibhalo yombusi eyatholwa ngamaSiriya kuNero ngokukhokhela uBerylus, umbhali kaNero ophethe izincwadi zesiGreki, yacindezela kakhulu amaJuda (ibid., ikhasi 467). Kusukela ngo-62 CE, ngaphansi kweNhloko yabaPristi u-Ananus, owakhethwe ngu-Agrippa, abaningi babapristi babulawa.
Umpristi Omkhulu weTabernakeli yesine noma ithempeli
lesithathu, uJakobe, uBhishobhi waseJerusalema, umfowabo kaJesu Kristu, wabulawa (ibid., ikhasi 468). Lokhu kwakusho ukuphela kobupristi bethempeli eJerusalema nokuphela kwamaviki angama-62 eminyaka. Umlawuli omusha, u-Alebhinasi (62–64 CE), wayengubi kakhulu, ephanga izimali zikahulumeni nezizimele, kuhlanganise nengqolobane yezimali.
Kusukela ngalesi sikhathi, ubuphristi obuphakeme baba indawo yokuzifihla yamaqili. Omunye umphristi omkhulu, uJesu indodana kaDamnai, wangena empini yomgwaqo enamandla nomlandeli wakhe, uJesu indodana
kaGamalieli, ngoba wayengafuni ukuyeka iSikhundla Esingcwele (ibid., ikhasi 469). Lapho u-Albinus ebuyiselwa
emuva, wabulala izigebengu ezinkulu wabe esekhulula zonke iziboshwa – washiya amajele engenalutho futhi izwe ligcwele izigebengu.
Umlandeli wakhe, ongumphathi wokugcina, uGessius Florus (64–66 CE), naye wayengowesabi kakhulu, eyisilima esikhulu kunabo bonke abake
babusa. Waphanga amadolobha aphelele futhi wavumela ubugebengu bahlale bungenqunywa (ibid., ikhasi 470).
Ngo-64
CE uNero wamemezela ukuhlukunyezwa kwamaKristu eRoma, futhi ngokwesiko
uPetru noPhawuli babulawa ngenxa yokholo. Isivumelwano 'nabaningi' sokulwa namaJuda namaKristu sasabalele kabanzi. Ngo-68 CE i-monasteri eQumran yabhujiswa, futhi uNero waphonswa esihlalweni sobukhosi.
Abavukela-mbuso bathuthukisa umkhuba wokuthumba abefundisi ukuze kushintshaniswe iziboshwa, kwathi ngo-66 CE iziphathimandla, kuhlanganise namaSiriya nabanye, zaqala isenzo esaba
iMpi YamaJuda.
Kusukela mhla ziyi-1 kuNisan 70 CE, iJerusalema yazingqwazwa. Ngosuku Lwexoliso 70 CE iTempele yabhujiswa, futhi kusukela ngalolo suku kwaze kwaba sekupheleni
kwempi ngo-73 CE ngokuwela kweMasada, kwakungekho Tempele noma ukunikela
ngezithembiso noma izihlatshelo. Lesi sikhathi yileso esikhulunywa ngaso kuDaniyeli 9:27.
Ngesonto leminyaka, iningi labantu layeka ukwenza inkolo yalo, okungukuthi
kusukela ngo-63 CE kuya k
Esontweni leminyaka, iningi labantu layeka ukwenza inkolo yalo, okungukuthi
kusukela ngo-63 CE kuya
ku-70 CE, ngenxa yokungcoliswa
kweThempeli, ukwebiwa kwesishumi kanye nokufa kwabapristi. Igama elithi "ngesigamu salelo sikhathi, umnikelo nenikelo kuzoyeka" ngokuvamile lithathwa lisho isigamu seviki
yeminyaka, kodwa kungenzeka lisho isikhathi ngemva kokubhujiswa kusukela ngo-70 kuya ku-73 CE lapho isizwe saqhubeka silwa kodwa ngaphandle
kweThempeli noma umnikelo. Ngakho-ke, amasonto angama-70 eminyaka ngokusobala yisiprofetho esifezekile. Ngemva kokufa kukaJakobe futhi ngaphambi kokubhujiswa ngo-70 CE, iSonto laphunyuka eJerusalema laya ePella (ibid., ikhasi 498 nencazelo 65) ngoba bazi esiprofethweni
ukuthi ukuphela kwalesi sikhathi kwakuzokwenzeka futhi iNtaba yesonto elilandelayo yamabandla ayisikhombisa, eyesine yamaCherubhu Abumbozi (Ezek. 1:15), kwakuzoqala. Kusuka ku-Umhlawuleli 6:6, uSolomoni wayekhombisile ukuthi kungase kuqhubeke iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbili. Isibonakaliso sikaJona sabese singena esigabeni salo esilandelayo esingaqondakali kahle, Isikhathi Sabantu Bezizwe. Lesi kwakuzohlala amaJubili angamashumi amane kuze kubuyele uMesiya
futhi kuqale iNkulungwane eyikhulu ekhulunywe ngayo kuSambulo 20:4.
Ibandla ngaphansi kukaSymon, umshana kaMesiya, labuyela eJerusalema cishe ngo-72 CE lasungula amabandla eDesposyni noma labo abangowomNkosi, futhi lanikeza amabishobhi emabandleni ase-Asia naseGibhithe iminyaka eminingi kuze kube
uRoma ebabuyisela ngamaGrikhi.
Umuntu angase abuze umbuzo othi:
"Kwabe kuzokwenzekani uma amaJuda ayephenduka?" Impendulo inikezwa ngokubhekisela ku-Israyeli ehlane lapho abahloli
noma izifakazi bathunyelwa ukuba bahlolisise Izwe Elithembisiwe. Indoda eyodwa evela esizweni
ngasinye yathunyelwa. Hoshea indodana kaNuni wayengowase-Efrayim futhi wabizwa ngoJehoshua
nguMose (Num. 13:8,16). Bathunyelwa eZini, babuya ekupheleni kwezinsuku ezingamashumi amane (Num. 13:25). Baphika ukuthatha ifa labo, bafakaza
ngokungabi nenzuzo kwefa labo – bonke
ngaphandle kukaJoshuwa noKalebhu (Num. 14:6-7). Akekho umuntu oneminyaka
engaphezu kwengu-20 okhalazile
kuNkulunkulu owavunyelwa ukungena ezweni elithembisiwe ngaphandle kukaJoshuwa noKalebhu. Izingane zanikezwa iminyaka engamashumi amane ehlane njengabafuyi
abazulazulayo, zikhokha isijeziso sokungathembeki kwazo. Lokhu kwakumela
uJuda noLevi ngesikhathi sikaMesiya.
Izinsuku ezingamashumi amane zobufakazi zaba iminyaka engamashumi
amane Ephawu likaJona kusukela kuMesiya kuze kube
ukubhujiswa kweThempeli. Iminyaka engamashumi amane ehlane yaba
amaJubili angamashumi amane okuzulazula kuze kube ukufika
kwesibili.
UJuda wayengaziphendukela, futhi besizongena ngaphansi kobuholi babo. Abazange baziphendukele, futhi uNkulunkulu wayazi ukuthi ngeke baziphendukele.
Thina-ke sasibizwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukile. Nokho, uJuda uzonikezwa ithuba lokuziphendukela kungekudala.
Isihlomelo A
Umthetho kaKhayerasi namakhosi
amaKhaledi ngokukaJosephus
Ababhali bomlando abaningi bagxile ekufakazeleni ukuthi isiprofetho samaviki angama-70 eminyaka sihlobene nomsebenzi kaKristu – ngandlela ethile simisela ukuqala kwawo, futhi ngandlela
ethile kushiya iminyaka engu-3½ eyodwa eseleyo ngesikhathi sokuphela. Ngomdlandla ongafanele, abanye abahumushi baphatha kabi uDaniyeli 9:25-27 kangangokuthi icala lobugebengu lingase lingafaneleki. Mhlawumbe ukuhumusha okuthembekile kakhulu kungokukaMoffatt.
Yazi-ke, uqonde
ukuthi phakathi kokunikezwa komyalo wokubikezela wokubuyisela abantu nokwakha kabusha iJerusalema nokugcotshwa kompristi omkhulu ophakeme, kuzodlula amasonto ayisikhombisa eminyakeni; phakathi kwamasonto angamashumi ayisithupha nambili eminyakeni izokwakhiwa kabusha, namasikwele ayo nezitaladi zayo; ekugcineni, ngemva kwamasonto angamashumi ayisithupha nambili eminyakeni, umpristi ogcotshiwe uzosuswa, engashiyi umlandeli; idolobha nendawo engcwele kuzobhujiswa kanye nompristi ongcwele, bese ukuqothulwa kungena ngenqwaba yempi kuze kube sekupheleni.
Ngempelasonto yonyaka umphakathi wabantu uyoyeka ukwenza inkolo yawo; isigamu salelo
sikhathi izihla
Ngoba isonto
leminyaka umzimba omkhulu wabantu uyoyeka ukwenza inkolo yawo; isigamu
salo sikhathi imihlatshelo neminikelo izoyeka, futhi esikhundleni salokhu kuzoba nobubi obesabekayo, kuze kugcine sekwehla
isahlulelo esibekiwe phezu kobubi obungcwele.
Qaphela ukuthi ukugcoba lowo ogcotshiwe
kubonakala kuwukubuyiselwa kobuphristi, bese kuba ukubhujiswa kweJerusalema neThempeli nokumiswa kwesihlatshelo.
Nakuba kungabazeki ukuthi kwakubhekiswe ekubethelweni kukaKristu esiphambanweni esahlukweni 24, isiprofetho ngokusobala asigxili emsebenzini wakhe wokushumayela kodwa ekugcwalisweni kwaso ekubhujisweni kweThempeli.
Uhlu lwababusi baseKhaledi kuze kufike uKoresi wasePheresiya lwakhiwe kabusha, futhi izinsuku ezamukelwe kuCanon kaPtolemy nazo zifakiwe ukuze
zinikeze ulwazi.
UJosephus uphinde abhale ukuthi uNehemiah
wanikezwa umsebenzi wakhe nguXerxes ngonyaka wakhe wesi-25, nokuthi odonga lwaphothulwa eminyakeni emibili nezinyanga ezine, lwaphothulwa ngonyaka wesi-28 kaXerxes.
Ngeshwa, izinsuku ezibekwe kuXerxes ngokusebenzisa uPtolemy zisukela ku-486 kuya ku-464 BCE –
isikhathi seminyaka
engu-22. Kungaba ukuthi izinguqulo azilungile, uJosephus uyaphutha noma, okungenzeka kakhulu, konke kuphutha. Iinkosi ezaziwayo kuphela ezabusa iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-25 kwakunguDarius
I noArtaxerxes I no II.
Nokho, kuvela usuku oluthakazelisayo uma sithatha usuku
lukaKoresi olususelwe ekwakhiweni kukaNebukadinezari ngosuku olwamukelekile luka-605
BCE bese sifaka uhlelo lwezikhathi lukaJosephus lwababusi baseKhaledi. Lokhu kukhiqiza umyalo kaKoresi ngonyaka ka-464 BCE.
Amaviki angamashumi ayisikhombisa eminyakeni kusukela kulesi sikhathi aphetha ngo-27 CE. UJohane Umbhapathizi waqala inkonzo yakhe ekupheleni kwalonyaka. Unyaka owodwa noma emibili
ngaphambi noma ngemva kosuku lokuqala
kuvunyelwe. Inkinga ngalokhu, nokho, wukuthi izinsuku zokuphela zikabukhosi basePheresiya ezisetshenziswa iCanon kaPtolemy kanye nezinsuku ezamukelwe kabanzi ezitholakala kumashadi esikhathi eBhayibheli ziyi-260
BCE – okubeka ukunqoba
kuka-Alexander eminyakeni engu-72 kamuva
kakhulu. Ubude bobukhosi basePheresiya bungaba bule noma,
ngempela, usuku lokuqala lungaba nephutha ngeminyaka embalwa.
Iqiniso liwukuthi iCanon kaPtolemy ilungile ngokucacile, ngesikhathi usuku luka-605 BCE lufakwe ngokwezinkanyezi. Nokho, kungenzeka ukuthi amasonto angama-70 eminyaka, kusetshenziswa izinsuku zikaJosephus zabukhosi baseChaldean, aphela ngesikhathi sikaKristu. Akekho isigaba lapho, ngokusebenzisa noma iyiphi yalezi zihlelo
ezingaba khona, uCyrus Artaxerxes I (Longimanus) angavela njengokumkani ekuqaleni kwezinsuku.
Ithebula lamadethi elakhiwe nguJosephus alilungile futhi liyaphula isiprofetho seBhayibheli. UJosephus usebenzisa isakhiwo sobuJuda emva kwethempeli.
NgokukaJosephus, kwakuyiminyaka
engu-96 kusukela esenzweni sikaNebukadinezari ngokumelene namaJuda, esenzeka ngonyaka wakhe wesi-23, kuze kufike umyalo
kaKhayerusi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu sodwa, uJosephus kumele alahlwe futhi incazelo yokuqala kumele igcinwe.
Noma iyiphi indawo yokuqala esetshenziswayo ayikho inkathi yeminyaka eyisikhombisa lapho iminyaka emithathu nengxenye isele ingaqediwe ukuze iqedwe ngesikhathi esingaziwa ngaphambi kokubuya kukaKristu, futhi uDaniyeli akakaze akhombe ukuthi kuzoba ngeviki
elihlukanisiwe noma enye inkathi yeviki.
Izikhathi azikuvumeli lokhu. uDaniyeli ukhuluma ngokusobala ukuthi ekupheleni kwalesi sikhathi, esontweni lweminyaka, iningi labantu lizoyeka ukwenza inkolo yalo, futhi
isigamu salelo sikhathi, izihlatshelo nezipho ziyokuyeka.
Ucwaningo ngokubhujiswa kweJerusalema neThempeli lukhombisa ukuthi lesi siprofetho sagcwaliseka ngo-70
CE.
Abanye bafundisa ukuthi ukuphelela okubekiwe kuzophonswa kumonakali iminyaka engu-3½, okungukuthi isikhathi sezibhubhane zentukuthelo kaNkulunkulu ekuveleni kwezinto ezizayo. Nakuba isikhathi seminyaka engu-3½ sezibhubhane zentukuthelo kaNkulunkulu sizokwenzeka, ukuzama ukusihlanganisa nalobu buprofetho kuyimpikiswano engathembekile kakhulu. Abanye bafundisa ukuthi isikhathi seviki leminyaka sigcinelwe isikhathi sokuphela. Akukho ukwesekwa nhlobo kwalezi zindlela zokucabanga. Uma umuntu wayekhona phakathi kweJerusalema phakathi kwesikhathi seminyaka engu-3½ kuze kube ngu-70 CE, mhlawumbe wayezoba nolwazi olwengeziwe ngokunemba kwalesi siprofetho nokwehluleka kwalesi simo esishiwo ngenhla.
(Bheka futhi iphepha elithi Impi neRoma nokuwohloka
kweThempeli (No. 298).)
|
AMAKHOSI |
IMINYAKA |
IZINSIZINDE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nebukadinezari (Nabopollassar) |
21 |
622 ngaphambi kukaKristu (Usuku lokuqala alulandeli uJosephus kodwa iminyaka yobukhosi iyona.) |
|
Nebukadinesari |
43 |
605-562
BCE |
|
uMorodach Ombhedlanga |
18 |
562-522
BCE |
|
Neglissor |
40 |
522-482
BCE |
|
Labosordacus |
9/12 |
482-
? BCE |
|
Baltasar
(Naboandelus) |
17 |
465-
? BCE |
|
Cyrus
(kaDarius) |
10 |
465-455
BCE (Ukwakhiwa kweKhanoni kaPtolomey) |
|
uCambyses |
7 |
455-448
BCE |
|
Darius
I |
36 |
448-414
BCE |
|
Xerxes |
22 |
414-392
BCE |
|
Artaxerxes |
41 |
392-351
BCE |
|
Xerxes
II |
- |
351
BCE |
|
Darius
II |
19 |
351-332
BCE |
|
Artaxerxes
II |
46 |
332-286
BCE |
|
Artaxerxes
III |
20 |
286-266
BCE |
|
Darius
III |
6 |
266-260
BCE |
Uhlu lwezincwadi
IBhayibheli Elivamile (i-Revised Standard
Version), Collins, 1973.
Herodotus,
The Histories, ihunyushelwe ngu-A. de Selincourt (Burns
Rev.), Penguin, 1983.
Josephus,
Imisebenzi Ephelele, ihunyushelwe nguWilliam Whiston,
Kregel Publications, 1981.
Emile
Schürer, Umlando Wabantu
Abayuda Esikhathini SikaJesu Kristu (175 BC - 135 AD),
Amavolumu I kuya ku III, ahlelwe kabusha nguVarnes noMillar, T&T Clarke Ltd, 1958.
James
B. Pritchard, The Ancient Near East - An Anthology of Texts and Pictures,
Princeton, 1958.
Isihlomelo B
Udonga LwaseNtshonalanga LwaseJerusalema
Udonga LwaseNtshonalanga,
noma olubizwa ngokuthi Udonga Lokukhala, yilokho kuphela okusele kwezindonga zasendulo zeThempeli likaHerode namuhla.
Izinto zasendulo ezisanda kutholakala ezibhalwe ngo-16 AD e
, ezitholakale ngaphansi kweWestern Wall yaseJerusalema, zikhombisa ukuthi kwathatha isikhathi eside kakhulu ukwakha
kunalokho okwakukholakala ngaphambilini. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi udonga lwakhiwa
futhi lwaqedwa nguMbusi uHerode ngaphambi kokushona kwakhe ngo-4 BCE. Nokho, ukutholakala
kwalezi zinto kuqinisekisa okubhaliwe ngumbhali womlando wamaJuda weminyaka yokuqala, uJosephus, othi lo msebenzi waqedwa emashumini eminyaka ngemva kokushona kukaHerode.
UFlavius Josephus wabhala ukuthi uHerode waqala ukwakha kabusha nokwandisa indawo yeNtaba yeThempeli ngonyaka lwesi-18 lobukhosi bakhe. UJosephus uphinde wabhala ukuthi kwakuyiphrojekthi enkulu kakhulu futhi yayihloselwe
ukuba isikhumbuzo esingapheli sikaHerode (Josephus:
Antiquities of the Jews, 15,11,1-7; Wars of the Jews,
5,5,1-8).
[Kubonakala sengathi ingxenye eyinhloko yokwakhiwa kabusha kukaHerode yaqedwa ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe ngo-4 BC, kodwa umsebenzi kulo msebenzi waqhubeka isikhathi eside kakhulu. Ebhalile ngemva kokubhujiswa kweThempeli ngo-70 A.D., uJosephus
wabhala ukuthi umsebenzi eNtabeni yeThempeli waqedwa nguMbusi u-Agrippa II, umzukulu-mkhulu
kaHerode, eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ngaphambi kokuba yonke indawo ibhujiswe.
Lapho uJesu evakashela eThempelini ngesikhathi sePhasika, amaJuda awaphawula ukuthi thempeli lalisesakhiweni iminyaka engu-46 ngaleso sikhathi (Johane 2:20).
UProfesa Ronny
Reich waseNyuvesi yaseHaifa,
ongumcwaningi wezembali zasendulo osebenza kulesi siza, uthe
lokhu kutholakala kwezembali zasendulo kukhombisa ukuthi imisebenzi eNtabeni yeThempeli yaqhubeka isikhathi eside ngemva kokushona kukaHerode.
Bheka indatshana ka-Izzy Lemberg, e-CNN
Bheka indatshana ka-Izzy Lemberg, ye-CNN
Novemba 25,
2011 – Kuvuselelwe ngo-0133 GMT (0933 HKT)